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Army
Bicycles South-Africa |
BICYCLES
IN THE ANGLO-BOER WAR OF 1899-1902
by D.R. Maree
Found on:
http://rapidttp.com/milhist/vol041dm.html
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The first time that bicycles were used successfully
in a military capacity was after the Spanish War of 1898 when Lt James A. Moss,
U.S. Army, and a hundred black cyclists were rushed in to help with riot control
in Havana, Cuba. They were laughed at and scorned but the amusement and chuckles
soon died away when they proved effective. Rioting mobs were dispersed with ease
by soldiers who moved in quickly and used their bicycles as barricades.
Notwithstanding this success the American Army still hesitated to accept the
bicycle as a machine of war. For several years before the Anglo-Boer War the
bicycle had been used in South Africa for para-military purposes and
occasionally unofficially for military purposes but the real test of its
usefulness in war was during that war.(1) The Transvaal War Album aptly states:
'Among the questions likely to be settled by the present war is the use of
cyclists in the field'.(2) To what extent and with how much success was the
bicycle utilized in the Anglo-Boer War? M. Caiden and J. Barbree in Bicycles in
War maintain that during the guerrilla stage of the war the Boers were unable to
keep ahead of '... hundreds of fresh, heavily armed men on bicycles'(3) This
statement causes one to visualize hundreds of cyclists successfully rounding up
Boer horsemen, which gives rise to two questions: was the British army the only
force to make use of troops on bicycles and were they employed in their
hundreds?
In
Kommandant Danie Theron, J.H. Breytenbach tells how, prior to the outbreak of
war, an attorney from Krugersdorp, DJ.S. (Danie) Theron went to Pretoria with
his friend, J.P. (Koos) Jooste, a cycling champion, to ask the Transvaal
Government to allow them to raise a cycling corps. They had to use considerable
persuasion before their idea was accepted as horses had always sufficed in the
past. Theron's notion was to use bicycles wherever possible in order to save
horses for actual combat. During an interview with Commandant-General Piet
Joubert and President J.P.S. Kruger, Jooste pointed out that a horse must sleep
and eat, while a bicycle needed only oil and a pump before it was ready for
action. The General jocularly added that it did not even bite or kick! Jooste
also explained how the problem of punctures could be solved by the placing of a
piece of untanned leather between the tube and tyre,(5) which information later
gave the Boers a considerable advantage over the enemy cyclists who were
frequently inconvenienced by punctures caused by thorns on the rough tracks of
the South African veld. The assent to form the Wielrijders Rapportgangers Corps
was given after a race from Pretoria to the Crocodile River bridge, a distance
of 46 miles (75 km), between the champion cyclist, Koos Jooste, and a certain
Martiens on horseback, which Jooste won.(6)
Danie Theron immediately started to advertise in
newspapers on the Witwatersrand for young men to join his corps.(7) He sent out
trusted associates to select reliable men, drawing his recruits from young,
well- educated members of the upper classes.(8) When finally established, the
Wielrijders Rapportgangers Corps consisted of one hundred and eight men and was
divided into seven sections, each under a lieutenant responsible to Captain
Theron. The following were sent out to different districts on the 19th September
1899: 8 men under Jan Niehaus to Waterberg, 17 men under S. de Kock to
Soutpansberg, 18 men under C. Maartens to Lichtenburg, 16 men under G.F.
Mynhardt to Wakkerstroom, 16 men under H.H. van Gass to Vryheid, 14 men under
Klaas Jooste to Zeerust, and 18 men (leader's name omitted) to Bloemfontein.(9)
Each man was supplied with a bicycle, short trousers, a revolver and, where
deemed necessary, a light carbine.(10) In March 1900 a man named Frazer was sent
to Pretoria to obtain desperately needed binoculars, tents. tarpaulins, and wire
cutters.(11) The short trousers and carbines seem not to have been used. No
photographs of Boer cyclists wearing or using them have been found. British
cyclists carried rifles on their bicycles as can be seen in the photograph of
the Rand Rifles.
On
the British side an enterprising officer, Colonel George Knox who, during the
war commanded the cycling section of the artillery at Ladysmith, had before the
war endeavoured to make cycling a part of the training at Aldershot.
Consequently several cycling corps were ready for action when the war broke out.
They were the City of London Imperial Volunteers (CIV) as well as two battalions
of the Royal Dublin Fusiliers that were sent to South Africa.(12) Several local
regiments made use of cyclists, such as the Rand Rifles, raised at the end of
1900, who had a form for the requisition of a horse, a cart, or a bicycle.(13)
The Cape Cycle Corps, formed injanuary 1901, was 500 strong.(14) A Town Guard
pay list for parades of the period April/May 1901(26 Company Cyclists) indicates
that Cape Town also had cyclists,(15) as did Kimberley with its Cycle Corps, 'A'
Company, consisting of 102 men, who did sterling work during the Siege of
Kimberley.l(6) The Durban Lght Infantry consisted of 476 men of whom 31 were
cyclists.(17) From Rhodesia the cyclist 'E' Troop of the Southern Rhodesian
Volunteers came with Colonel H.C.O. Plumer's relief column to Mafeking,(18) and
throughout the war there were always cyclists with the British troops. At one
stage three per cent of the active British forces consisted of cyclists.l(9)
The main duty of the
cyclist corps was despatch- riding, but they were used for a variety of
different tasks as the need arose. A commander usually had two cyclists as his
orderlies to carry his messages. Cyclists would often ride ahead to act as a
link between the cavalry and infantry, and would, at times, ride ahead to
reconnoitre suitable roads for the transport wagons and then ride back again to
direct them. They were also used for reconnaissance of camping grounds for the
regiments, and sometimes stayed behind to attend to the sick who were being
transferred to hospital. Even during an assault it was usual to find a cyclist
or two with the leading ranks ready to carry messages. The cyclists were usually
at their busiest carrying mail, telegrams, despatches, money, stores, and even
groceries in their Alpine rucksacks whenever a camp was established near a large
town.(20) Boer cyclists proved very useful in the patrolling of the Swaziland
border where there was some apprehension that 'the natives' would cause
trouble,(21) whereas British cyclists patrolled the railway lines in the
North-western Cape where dissident Dutch could have caused problems.(22) A
special 'War Cyde' was built for use on railway lines, and a prototype of this
8-man bicycle can be seen at Fort Klapperkop Museum. It was introduced into
South Africa by the Royal Australian Cycle Corps and had a detachable rim which
was fitted to the pneumatic tyres, enabling it to be used on rails. When the rim
was removed the bicycle could be used on normal roads. These cycles were used
for reconnaissance, for carrying despatches, checking the railway line for
demolition charges, and also for removing the wounded from a skirmish taking
pace near a railway.(23)
Extraordinary tasks were sometimes given to cyclists,
one of which was to transport carrier pigeons, as it was found that carrying
them on horseback upset them, whereas they took more kindly to cycle
transportation. Scout Callister of the Cape Cycle Corps achieved great fame by
'cycling 120 miles, gaining a vantage point, lying "perdu" (hidden) for several
days, and then releasing birds whenever he saw Boer activity'.(24) Maj B.F.S.
Baden-Powell of the 1st Battalion Scots Guards even had a collapsible bicycle
which carried a kite. The kite was used at first for taking photographs of the
camp by a remotely controlled camera, and later for raising an aerial for
experiments in wireless telegraphy between Modder River Station and Belmont.(25)
Before the actual
outbreak of hostilities cyclists were often used for what was commonly called
'spying'. A typical example was reported in the Diamond Fields Advertiser during
the Siege of Kimberley:
'Capt O'Meara, in pursuance of his enquiries as
Intelligence Officer, was constantly to and fro, and in this manner obtained
much valuable information as to the movements and probable intentions of the
enemy. Riding into Boshof in the guise of an ordinary cyclist on the 22nd
September (1899) he stumbled across a great gathering of armed Boers, and, after
being rather unpleasantly shadowed, got back to Kimberley, bringing (the) first
definite news that the Boers were on commando, and that warlike movements on the
Western Border had begun.'(26)
The burghers at first looked down on the members of
the Wielrijders Rapportgangers Corps, but as Frederick Rompel records in Heroes
if the Boer War, as soon as the burghers saw that the despatch riders could not
be stopped by rivers, heavy roads, hostile patrols, or even enemy bullets, they
gained a new respect for the corps. (27) Sir F. Maurice indirectly ascribes
Croaje's faulty intelligence at Magersfontein in December 1899 to the burghers'
neglect of despatch riders. They were confined to the Colesberg area, but he
goes on to mention that Cronje used them as links with the other Boer leaders in
the Western Free State where they had come into favour again.(28)
Scepticism and criticism of
the cyclists lessened as a result of their bravery and successful exploits.
Danie Theron became a legend in his own lifetime, and as early as March 1900
Lord Roberts labelled him the chief thorn in the side of the British, and wanted
him, dead or alive.(29) The burghers, being conservative, regarded their old and
tried methods of warfare as sufficient and thought the formation of a cyclist
corps a clever stunt to evade the dangers of war. This however soon changed when
the cyclists proved their mettle.(30)
On the British side there was also considerable
scepticism regarding the use of bicycles in war, especially in South Africa. J.
Barclay Lloyd of the CIV mentions the grave doubts' that were expressed and that
even supposed experts thought that they would be on foot or horseback within a
month.(31) The following statement appeared in the Transvaal War Album:
'The cyclist has now made his way into every branch
of the Army, notwithstanding the unfavourable opinions which were expressed, now
a long time ago, when the idea of military cycling was first broached. There
were many sceptics at the time, but cycling is now practised at the Central
School of Gymnastics at Aldershot, and at every military centre, and the spread
of cycling as a military adjunct has been very largely due to the energy of
individuals.'(32)
There are numerous success and failure stories of cyclists. Even before
hostilities began the cyclists under Danie Theron supplied important information
regarding available grazing, watering places, and other intelligence for the
Boer forces. General Louis Botha paid special tribute to the intelligence work
done by the Boer cyclists before the war.(33) Intelligence provided by the
cylists of both sides (particularly on that of the Boers) proved invaluable to
commanders when fighting actually commenced. On one occasion during the war
eleven cyclists from New Zealand were on their way with despatches in the
vicinity of Eerste Fabrieken, near Hammanskraal, when they came across ten Boers
on horseback. After a spirited chase over the veld they captured the Boers and
H.W. Wilson maintains that this is the only such feat achieved by cyclists in
the war.(34) On another occasion seventeen Colonial cyclist-scouts were ambushed
by Boers on horseback while they were wheeling their cycles along the road and
they surrendered only after a bold fight. The Colonials were stripped of their
cycles, arms, and equipment and sent to Edenburg on foot. After this account
H.W. Wilson points out the helplessness of cyclist troops in unfavourable
country and questions the validity of using cyclists for scouting.(35) This is
the only instance where their ability to hold their own was questioned.
An account of a cyclist
published in the Bath Cycling Club Gazette tells of a narrow escape. N.C.
Harbutt was given a despatch to take the next post 27 miles (43 km) away. The
officer told him to '... take the machine - it's quieter than a horse' and also
told him that he was to travel light, taking a Mauser pistol rather than a
rifle. He got onto his khaki-coloured Raleigh and was off. Travelling without a
light, he had several spills before he approached a drift in the Renoster Spruit
which he avoided by going downstream and then crossing, getting thoroughly wet
in the process. Hardly thirty yards had been covered when several shots from a
Mauser rifle were fired in his direction. He answered with his pistol and rode
off at top speed. When camp was reached he discovered that he had covered
several miles with a flat front tyre. The next morning a patrol discovered the
footprints of at least three Boers in a spot covering the drift where he would
normally have crossed.(36)
The cyclists on both sides did not hesitate to play
their part in action. At the Battle of Winburg, in May 1900, the Boers fired at
a stack of bicycles which they probably mistook 'for a Maxim gun' ,(37) or more
likely, to put them out of action. In one instance a cyclist was storming a kop
pie with the leading company when a shell exploded on the very spot which he had
vacated a few seconds earlier with his bicycle and kit. The prostrate forms of a
group of men who had come up from the rear testified to the narrow escape he had
had.(38) On the Natal front, at the Battle of Spioen Kop, Boer cyclists diverted
the fire of five British batteries from a hill overlooking the Tugela (where
Major Wolmarans was setting up a porn-porn) by raising the Transvaal flag on the
summit of another hill. They stayed there under heavy artillery fire until their
tactics had achieved their object.(39)
One of the most daring exploits carried out by a
cyclist during the war was that of Danie Theron when he stole his way into
General Piet Cronje's beleaguered laager at Paardeberg in February 1900, to take
General Christiaan de Wet's proposed breakthrough plans to Cronje. Theron used a
bicycle (another source maintains that he used a horse on this occasion, but
this is to be doubted, considering what a perilous mission it was) to get as
close as possible to the British sentries and then went further on foot. He
undoubtedly used a bicycle because it was less conspicuous than a horse. He
asked two of his fellow Wielrijders to fetch him at the same spot the following
night.(40) Even prior to this Theron had used his bicycle to good effect in
Natal when communications between Generals Erasmus and Meyer were interrupted by
the failure of the heliograph.(41)
Bicycles often broke down, sometimes causing
difficulties for their riders. A certain C.S. Bellairs of the CIV abandoned his
bicycle when it broke down and walked many miles during the night. At daybreak
he came across 300 Boers and took cover in a swamp, up to his neck in muddy
water. An hour after they had passed he gave himself up for lost when two
horsemen came straight toward him. Great was his joy when he heard them speaking
English. These two British lancers took him to camp where they dried and fed
him, but within a few hours pneumonia had set in and he ended up in hospital
seriously ill.(42)
Private E.S. Clegg's bicycle broke down after he had been riding for two days
and a night with little rest, carrying despatches between Lord Kitchener and
General Hart. He returned to camp mounted on a horse which was issued to him at
Welverdiend.(43)
The
horse was still the traditional mode of transport in warfare, and the bicycle
only acted as an adjunct to it. Throughout the Anglo-Boer War, as well as in the
period immediately following, the bicycle, and its use as a military machine,
received serious attention. A member of the CIV gave an objective view of the
usefulness of the bicycle in the Karoo:
'The veldt itself is covered with a thinly growing
thorny scrub, just ridable for bicycles, but prevalent of punctures to all but
the stoutest tyres. The roads and tracks are quite practicable, but very bumpy,
and abounding in sandy patches where sideslips are the rule and riding is
difficult, and are intersected with watercourses over which the wheels bump
heavily. Nevertheless, with strong machines and careful riding, the bicycle is a
most useful method Qf progression, though across country the horse has
undoubtedly the advantage."(44)
After the war the Royal Commission on the War in
South Africa enquired into the usefulness of bicycles. A reporter for the
Manchester Guardian stated that although he generally used a horse and, on
occasion, a bicycle, he was quite astonished to find how well he could get about
even in Natal during the wet season. He expressed surprise at the mobility of
the CIV cyclists in the veld. He pointed out that South Africa was a very open
country and that the more enclosed a country was, the greater was the number of
roads. He went on to say that many cyclists in England followed hounds and
seemed to be there with the horsemen at the end of the run.
Cycling had become a great
national pastime and most people rode bicycles better than horses and could make
temporary repairs. He pointed out too that he did not think bicycles would do
for expeditionary work since a large body of men on bicycles take up much road
space, but that they should rather be used for home defence.(45) Another
witness, Colonel the Earl of Scarborough, stated before the Commission:
'I would like, if I might, to make some few remarks
upon Mr Broderick's scheme (an earlier witness). He has laid it down that we are
to endeavour to raise 35 000 Yeomanry in this country for home defence only, and
their liability for service is to be limited to the United Kingdom. Well, I
maintain that it is a great waste of money, and that 35 000 cyclists would be
infinitely more effective in this country than 35 000 horsemen, and infinkely
more economical.'(46)
Colonel the Hon Sir F.W. Stopford made a plea for
Yeomanry and, when asked what he thought of using bicycles in preference to
horses, he said that he did not believe a bicycle corps would replace mounted
troops. He stated that they had tried a bicycle corps 'a year ago at Aldershot
but were not impressed by the use of cyclists in large units because of space
occupied on the road, although he fully realized their importance when used in
small units.(47) His observation was quite correct because the Anglo-Boer War
had just proved it. In retrospect, two World Wars also proved that he was right.
An interesting point also, is that when Danie Theron formed his
'Verkenningskorps' in March 1900, he preferred horses to bicycles even though he
had advocated the use of bicycles only six months previously when he formed the
Wielrijders Rapportgangers Corps. Each member of the Verkenningskorps was given
two horses by the Transvaal Government.(48)
Several of the witnesses before the Royal Commission
complained of the shortage of horses.(49) The Remount Department had had its
hands full in coping with the demand for horses.(50) Some witnesses thought that
horsemanship and horsemastership were lacking, whereas others were of the
opinion that it was not bad.(51) Considering the difficulty the British
experienced in supplying remounts one would think that they would have made more
use of bicycles, thus releasing horses which were being used for incidental
transport, despatch riding, etc. It is interesting to note that cyclists on both
sides were mostly from urban areas where the horse was no longer held in such
high regard. The Boers, fewer of whom were urbanized, made far less use of the
bicycle than did the British. They also had a reasonable supply of horses(52)
and few problems with horsemanship and horsemastership since they were mostly
farming people who used the horse as a regular mode of transport. Pride of
ownership and love for his pony was a way of life with the Boer.
Bicycles were by no means
scarce during the Anglo-Boer War. In Johannesburg alone there were between eight
and nine thousand bicycles in 1897.(53) During the war martial law strictly
controlled civilian use of bicycles:
'No person may ride or have in his or her possession
a bicycle, tricycle, or automobile, unless the machine has been duly registered
at the Commandant's Office. When a machine is registered, a numbered metal plate
will be issued and must be attached to the machine in a conspicuous place.
Cyclists passing a Guard or Sentry will do so at a pace of not more than 6 miles
an hour and will dismount if ordered to do so. A lamp will be carried on any
machine when ridden at night between sunset and sunrise' (54)
At Graaff Reinet five
hundred bicycles were confiscated under military orders.(55) This step was
necessary because of suspected disloyalty among the Dutch-speaking British
subjects in the region.(56) In Pretoria the Boers also strictly controlled the
use of bicycles. At the time of Winston Churchill's escape from Pretoria, two
Englishmen were jailed for having left the town on their bicycles without a
permit.(57) The fact that on both sides strict measures were taken against the
use of the bicycle by civilians is an indication that it posed a real threat as
a quiet, relatively fast, and cheap mode of transport.
On the whole cyclists on
both sides were praised for work well done. 'They faced many hazards of the
road, and of the enemy . . . Quite obviously they were relied on by senior
officers, and earned their commendation on a number of occasions.'(58) Although
this referred to the cyclists of the Southern Rhodesian Volunteers, it could
well be applied to both British and Boer cyclists. Many operations went off well
because of the efficiency with which scouting, and the delivery of despatches,
was carried out. As long as there were no casualties or blunders, no comment
from high places was required and consequently very little was ever said of the
sterling work done by the cyclists.(59) They helped to keep open the lines of
communication when the telegraph or heliograph was unable to operate or when
operations were far removed from telegraph services.(60) Without good
communications military operations invariably end up in an unco-ordinated
shambles.
British
bicycle troops in South Africa during the Anglo-Boer War numbered several
hundred altogether, but they were not used in large fighting formations to round
up the Boers in the guerrilla phase of the war. In general their major task was
to carry despatches; other duties and escapades were incidental. Whenever an
out-of-the-ordinary task needed to be done, the cyclists were ready. The only
official cyclists on the Boer side were the 108 members of the Wielrijders
Rapportgangers Corps.
South Africa was the testing ground for the bicycle
in warfare. It proved to be a most useful auxiliary to the horse. During the
Anglo-Boer War it only had the horse with which to compete, whereas in modern
conventional warfare sophisticated equipment has made the bicycle obsolete.
Considering the fuel and money shortage along with internal political unrest,
there seems however to be a definite place for bicycles in urban internal
security operations. Commando units could use bicycles for despatch riding,
general patrolling (especially during curfews), for riot control in congested
city areas, or for swift, silent cordoning of small areas. The distance a
cyclist can cover, as well as the weight he can carry, is three to four times
greater than that possible for the infantryman.(61)
Does the bicycle in conflict
really belong to the past?
References
1
Caiden, M. and Barbree, J.: Bicycles in War, p.63. 2
The Transvaal War
Album - The British Forces in South Africa, p.98. 3
Caiden, M. and Barbree, J.:
Bicycles in War, p.67. 4
Breytenbach, J.H.: Kommandant Danie Theron, p.98. 5
Ibid,pp. 98-103. 6
Ibid, p.103. 7
Rompel, F.: Heroes of the
Boer War, p.156. 8
Transvaal Archives, K.G.263. 9
Ibid, K.G.263. 10
Breytenbach, J.H.: Geskiedenis van die Tweede
Vryheidsoorlog 1899-1902, Vol 1, p.69. 11
Breytenbach, J.H.: Kommandant Danie Theron, p.148. 12
The Transvaal War
Album - The British Forces in South Africa, p.98. 13
Rand Rifles File, South
African National Museum of Military History. 14
Amery, L.S.: The Times History of the War in South
Africa, 1899-1902, Vol V, p.612. 15
Government Archives, Cape Town, DD 4/152,
(photocopy). 16
The
Diamond Fields Advertiser, The Siege of Kimberley, p.75. 17
Historical Records of the
Durban Volunteer Infantry Corps, DVG, DRG, NNR, DLI, 1854-1904, pp.70-86. 18
Hickman, A.S.:
Rhodesia Served the Queen, Rhodesian Forces in the Boer War 1899-1902, Vol I,
p.71. 19
Maurice, F.:
History of the War in South Africa, 1899-1902, Vol III, pp.110-405. 20
Lloyd, J.B.: One Thousand
Miles with the CIV, pp.223, 224. 21
Amery, L.S.: The Times History of the War in South
Africa, 1899-1902, Vol II, p.85. 22
Maurice, F.: History of the War in South Africa,
1899-1902, Vol III, pp.11, 12. 23
Fort Klapperkop Museum. 24
Parritt, B.A.H.: The
Intelligencers, pp.210,211. 25
Cuthbert, J.M.: The 1st Battalian Scots Guards in
South Africa, 1899-1902, p.23. 26
The Diamond Fields Advertiser, The Siege of
Kimberley, p.4. 27
Rompel, F.: Heroes of the Boer War, p.156. 28
Maurice, F.: History of the War in South Africa,
1899-1902, Vol II, pp.17, 106. 29
Transvaal Archives, A 285, Roos Telegrams. 30
Rompel, F.: Heroes of the
Boer War, p.156. 31
Lloyd, B].: One Thousand Miles with CIV, p.59. 32
Transvaal War Album - The
British Forces in South Africa, p.132. 33
Breytenbach, J.H.: Kommandant Danie Theron -
Baasverkenner van die Tweede Vryheilsoorlog, p.116. 34
Wilson, H.W.: After
Pretoria: The Guerilla War, Vol I, p.447. 35
Ibid, pp.350-351. 36
Africana Notes and News, Vol XXI No.8, December 1975,
pp. 337-339. 37
Lloyd, J.B.: One Thousand Miles with the CIV, p.155. 38
Ibid, p.282. 39
Davirt, M.: The Boer Fight
for Freedom, p.353. 40
Transvaal Archives K.G.263. Breytenbach, J.H.:
Kommandant Danie Theron, p.133. 41
Transvaal Archives, A 285, Roos Telegrams. 42
Mackinnon, W.H.: The Journal
of the CIV in South Africa, p.196. 43
Ibid, p.162. 44
Lloyd, J.B.: One Thousand Miles with the CIV, p.50.
45
Royal Commission
on the War in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence on the War in South Africa,
p.483. 46
Ibid,
p.483. 47
Ibid,
p.270. 48
Transvaal
Archives, Leyds 718, Telegram No 13. Breytenbach, J.H.: Geskiedenis van die
Tweede Vryheidsoorlog 1899-1902, Vol I, p. 69. 49
Royal Commission on the War
in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence on the War in South Africa, p.323. 50
Maurice, F.: History
of the War in South Africa, 1899-1902, Vol I, p. 20. 51
Royal Commission on the War
in South Africa, Minutes of Evidence on the War in South Africa, p.272. 52
Wilson, H.W.: After
Pretoria: The Guerilla War, Vol 1, p.479. 53
Shorten, J.R.: The Johannesburg Saga, p. 174. 54
Wilson, H.W.: After
Pretoria: The Guerilla War, Vol 1, p.493. 55
Papers Relating to the Administration of Martial Law
in South Africa, p. 96. 56
Wilson, H.W.:After Pretoria: The Guerilla War, Vol
11, pp. 738-742. 57
Haldane, A.: How we escaped from Pretoria, p.54. 58
Hickman, A.S.: Rhodesia
Served the Queen, Rhodesian Forces in the Boer War 1899-1902, Vol 1 p.307. 59
Lloyd, J.B.: One
thousand Miles with the CIV, p.60. 60
Breytenbach, J.H.: Geskiedenis van die Tweede
Vryheidsoorlog 1899-1902, Vol 1, p.105. 61
Broker, F.P.U.; The Man Powered Military Vehicle, in
the Army and Defence Journal, Vol 101, October 1970 to July 1971. This article
has been reproduced on the South African Cycling website which may be contacted
by using this link: sa-cycling.com website, 2004
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